Basics on Syllogism
Hello Readers,
We are providing some basic of Syllogism that will clarify your doubts to some extent.
Also, practise the questions given below!!!
Directions (1 - 11): In each question below are given two or three statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Read both the statements and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.
Give answers:
Give answer (1) if only conclusion I is true.
Give answer (2) if only conclusion II is true.
Give answer (3) if either conclusion I or II is true.
Give answer (4) if neither conclusion I nor II is true.
Give answer (5) if both conclusions I and II is true
1. Statements:
Some apples are mangoes.
Some mangoes are oranges.
No orange is apple.
Conclusions:
I. some mangoes that are oranges are apples
II. some apples that are mangoes are oranges
2. Statements:
Some birds are animals.
All animals are black.
No black is white.
Some whites are birds.
Conclusions:
I. Some birds which are black are not white.
II. All animals which are black are necessarily bird.
3. Statements:
All scooters are buses.
All bikes are buses
50% buses are trains
Conclusions:
I. All buses are either bikes or scooters.
II. Some scooters being train is a possibility
4. Statements:
All apples which are red is tasty.
Most reds are apples.
Most apples are balls
Conclusions:
I. Some reds are tasty.
II. Some apples are neither red nor ball.
5. Statements:
All cups are plates.
Some plates are bowls.
Conclusions:
I. Some bowls if they are cups, are also plates.
II. All bowls which are not plates are also not cups.
6. Statements:
Some roses which are plants are flowers.
All plants are lotus.
Conclusions:
I. Some lotus are not flowers.
II. Some lotus which are roses are flowers.
III. Some roses are lotus.
7. Statements:
All matches are cups.
Some fields are not viewers.
All viewers are fans.
Some matches are not fans.
Conclusions:
I. Some cup which are fans are not viewers.
II. Some matches which are not viewers are cups.
III. Some fields which are fans are not matches.
8. Statements:
Some pens are books.
Some books are pencils.
Some pencils are rubbers.
All books are slates.
Conclusions:
I. All pencils are books.
II. All pens are pencils.
III. Some slates are pens.
IV. All slates are books
9. Statements:
All roses which are leaves are flowers.
Some sunflowers which are leaves are not plants.
Conclusions:
I. Some roses which are plants are not flowers.
II. Some flowers which are roses are not sunflowers.
10.Statements:
Some animals are not cats.
All elephants are cats.
No Kangaroo is animals.
Conclusions:
I. Some animals who are not elephants are not kangaroos.
II. Some cats are not Kangaroos.
11. Statements:
Some schools which are not students are colleges.
No student is a principal.
All schools are principals.
Conclusions:
I. No college is a principal.
II. Some principals are colleges.
III. All colleges are schools.
ANSWERS
1. (4)
.png)
2. (1)
.png)
3. (2)
4. (1)
5. (5)
6. (3)
7. (2)
8. (3)
9. (3)
10. (1)
.jpg)
11. (3)
Hello Readers,
Piscine Molitor (Pi) again provided us one of his magnificent post on "Syllogism at its Best". So, here we are providing you the same. Don't forget to thank him!!!
I’m sure most people would have tried to do these questions, with the wrong conclusions. What they did are, they first made all the conclusions and then they headed on the conclusion, seeing if they’re fitting in their circles or not. Then they ticked the right conclusions, crossed the wrong ones, and whoosh, wrong answer!
Now, in this post, I’d like make you understand this trick of picking up the right conclusions!! The trick is “One statement has many conclusions!!”
Now, let’s start from the basic statements
Statement 1: All A are B
Now, let’s try all these conclusions if they fit in this statement
1. Some A are B
2. No A are B
3. Some A are not B
4. All B are A
5. Some B are A
6. No B are A
7. Some B are not A
Is conclusion 1 following?
Yes! Of course! All A are B, that means Some A are Definitely B
Is conclusion 2 following?
Of course not!What about 3rd?
Yes yes. Not following
4th?
Well, can follow, if A encircles B, i.e. All A are B and All B are A
5th?
Of course, some B are A
6th?
Bullshit conclusion. How can no B are A
7th?
Well, look at 4th conclusion. Its possible that All B are A if A also encircles B. In that case, Some B are not A will not follow. So, there’s a possibility that this 7th conclusion will follow. Understood?
Statement 2: Some A are B
Now, let’s try all these conclusions if they fit in this statement
1. All A are B
2. No A are B
3. Some A are not B
4. All Bare A
5. Some B are A
6. No Bare A
7. Some B are not A
Is conclusion 1 following?
Could follow.
2nd?
Impossible.
3rd?
It won’t follow in all the cases, but it’s possible.
4th?
Again, it’s possible.
5th?
Yes. Follow. In all cases.
6th?
Impossible.Nahinahinahi!
7th?
It could be possible. Won’t follow in all the cases, but yes, it also could be possible.
Statement 3: No A are B
Now, let’s try all these conclusions if they fit in this statement
1. All A are B
2. Some A are B
3. Some A are not B
4. All Bare A
5. Some B are A
6. No Bare A
7. Some B are not A
Conclusion 1 following?
Of course not!
2nd?
Haha..
3rd?
No A are B, then Some A are also Not B.. Yes, following!
4th?
Clearly, not following!
5th?
What the hell. Not following!
6th?
Now this is class. Yes, follows!
7th?
Of course will follow! No A are B only means, No B are A, which also means, Some B are not A
Statement 4: Some A are not B
Now, let’s try all these conclusions if they fit in this statement
1. All A are B
2. Some A are B
3. No A are B
4. AllB are A
5. Some B are A
6. No Bare A
7. Some B are not A
Is conclusion 1 following?
Of course not!
2nd?
It could be possible! Not in all cases, but it could be possible
3rd?
Again, could be possible!
4th?
Yes, yes. Could be possible!
5th?
Not in all cases, but could be possible!
6th?
Again, it also could be possible!
7th?
Again, possible!
Now, let’s solve some basic questions based on all the things that we’ve just learned.
Question 1:
Statements:
All buckets are mugs.
All lunch boxes are pencil boxes.
Some pencil boxes are mugs.
Some buckets are not drums.
Conclusions:
I. All mugs are lunchboxes.
II. All lunchboxes are buckets.
III. Some lunchboxes are mugs.
IV. Some drums are not mugs.
1? Not follows
2? Not follows
3? Not follows
4? Not follows
Question 2:
Statements:
Some chairs are tables.
Some desks are benches.
All benches are tables.
Some woods are not desks.
Conclusions:
I. Some benches are desks.
II. Some tables are benches.
III. Some woods are not benches.
IV. Some desks are tables.
1? Yes
2? Yes
3? Not follows
4? Yes
Question 3:
Statements:
No bank is a market.
Some markets are offices.
Some markets are offices.
All restaurants are offices.
Some banks are rooms.
Conclusions:
I. Some markets are not rooms.
II. Some offices are not banks.
III. Some restaurants are markets.
IV. Some rooms are restaurants.
1? Not Follows
2? Yes. Some offices which are Market cannot be Banks
3? Not follows
4? Not follows
Question 4:
Statements:
All ones are twos.
Some threes are fours.
All three are ones.
All five are fours.
Conclusions:
I. Some fives are threes.
II. Some ones are fives.
III. Some twos are fives.
IV. Some twos are fours
1? Not follows
2? Not follows
3? Not follows
4? Yes. Follows
Syllogism at its best - Part - II
Hello Readers,
Yet another marvellous post by Piscine Moliter (Pi) on "Possibility cases in Syllogism
and solving them using Venn Diagrams". We couldn't thank you enough Pi!!
and solving them using Venn Diagrams". We couldn't thank you enough Pi!!
Recall the previous article in which we had studied these basic things:
A statement has many conclusions (cases)
And thus, so many diagrams are possible!!
In possibility questions, the examiner asks if there exists any such case (diagram)
where this conclusion is valid. So, you job is to find out this case. If there exists at least
one such case, then the conclusion holds true. If not, then the conclusion is false. As simple
as that!
where this conclusion is valid. So, you job is to find out this case. If there exists at least
one such case, then the conclusion holds true. If not, then the conclusion is false. As simple
as that!
Keeping this and also the previous Syllogism Post in mind, let’s solve some possibility
questions.
questions.
Abbreviations that I used:
Basic Diagram = BD
Modified Diagram = MD
Question 1:
A. All flowers are trees
B. Some trees are houses
C. All houses are wheels
Let’s first make a BD according to these statements.
Conclusions:
1. At least some wheels are trees
2. Some trees are flowers
3. All wheels are flower is a possibility
Now, see the BD,
Conclusion 1 clearly follows.
Conclusion 2 also clearly follows.
But, what about Conclusion 3?
Let’s make a MD and see if it follows or not!
In the MD, we can clearly see that all the statements are still valid, and Conclusion 3 also
is following. So, Conclusion 3 follows.
is following. So, Conclusion 3 follows.
- 1? Follows
- 2? Follows
- 3? Follows
Understood?
Let’s now solve another question!
Question 2:
Statements:
A. Some desks are chairs
B. Some chairs are pens
C. Some pens are drawers
First, make a BD according to these statements.
Conclusions:
1. At least some drawers are desks
2. There is a possibility all drawers are chairs
3. No drawer is a chair
Now, see the BD
Conclusion 1 clearly doesn’t follow.
But, what about Conclusion 2?
Let’s make a MD
See the MD, Conclusion 2 follows in it.
And if there is a possibility that All drawers are chairs, then how could No drawer is a
chair follow?
chair follow?
So, Conclusion 3 will not follow!
- 1? Doesn’t follows
- 2? Follows
- 3? Doesn’t follows
Let’s solve another one!
Question 3:
Statements:
A. All politicians are corrupt
B. Some politicians are honest
C. No leader is honest
First, make a BD according to these statements.
Conclusions:
1. Some politicians are not leader
2. All honest being corrupt is a possibility
3. Some leaders are not corrupt
Now, see the BD,
Some politicians, which are honest (Red Portion), cannot beleaders.
So, Conclusion 1 clearly follows.
But, what about Conclusion 2?
Let’s make a MD.
See the MD, Conclusion 2 clearly follows!
What about conclusion 3?
Let’s make another MD.
See the last diagram, All leaders are corrupt could be a possibility! So, Conclusion 3 doesn’t
follow.
follow.
- 1? Follows
- 2? Follows
- 3? Doesn’t follows
Understood?
Question 4:
Statements:
A. Some people are intelligent
B. All intelligent are honest
C. No intelligent is smart
First, make a BD according to these statements.
Conclusions:
1. Some honest are not smart
2. All people being honest is a possibility
3. Some honest are people
Now, see the BD,
Some honest, which are intelligent (Red Portion), cannot be smart.
So, Conclusion 1 follows.
But, what about Conclusion 2?
Let’s make a MD.
See the MD, Conclusion 2 clearly follows.
Conclusion 3 also follows.
- 1? Follows
- 2? Follows
- 3? Follows
Understood?
Question 5:
Statements:
A. Some writers are poets
B. All poets are singers
C. Many singers are actors
D. No singer is a dancer
First, make a BD according to these statements.
Conclusions:
1. Some writers are singers
2. Some actors are not dancers
3. All poets being actor is a possibility
4. No poet is a dancer
See the BD,
Conclusion 1 clearly follows.
Also, some actors, which are singers (Red Portion), cannot be dancers.
So, Conclusion 2 also follows.
But, what about Conclusion 3?
Let’s make a MD.
See the MD,
Conclusion 3 clearly follows.
Also, since no singer is a dancer, so, no poet is a dancer.
Hence, Conclusion 4 is also following!
- 1? Follows
- 2? Follows
- 3? Follows
- 4? Follows
Understood?
PS: Try re-doing these questions again if you still feel confused.
Confusions will be clear this way!
Confusions will be clear this way!
Quiz:
Direction (Q. 6-10): Each question consists of three statements followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III and IV. Consider the statements to be true even if they are in variance with the commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follow from the given statements using all the “three” statements together.
1.Statements:
Some handbags are bags.
All bags are carrybags.
No bag is a ladybag.
Conclusions:
I. Some handbags are carrybags.
II. Some carrybags are not ladybags.
III. Some handbags are not ladybags.
IV. No bag is a carrybag.
1) Only I and II follow
2) Only II and III follow
3) Only III and IV follow
4) Only I, II, and III follow
5) All of the above
2.Statements:
All mobiles are pagers.
All pagers are I-pods.
All I-pods are I-phones.
Conclusions:
I. All mobiles are I-pods.
II. All I-phones are mobiles.
III. Some I-phones are mobiles.
IV. Some I-pods are pagers.
1) either I and III or II and III follow
2) either II and IV or III and IV follow
3) either II and IV or I and II follow
4) Only I and IV follow
5) None of these
3.Statements:
No cricket is hockey.
Some hockeies are basketballs.
Some crickets are not basketballs.
Conclusions:
I. Some basketballs are not crickets.
II. No cricket is basket ball.
III. Some hockies are not basketballs.
IV. All basketballs are cricktet.
1) Only I and II follow 2) Only III and IV follow
3) Only II and III follow
4) Only I follows
5) None of these
4.Statements:
All ETs are TOIs.
Some TOIs are HINDUs.
All HINDUs are ETs.
Conclusions:
I. All TOIs are ETs.
II. Some TOIs are ETs.
III. All HINDUs are TOIs.
IV. All TOIs are HINDUs.
1) Only I and II follow
2) Only I and III follow
3) Only II and III follow
4) Only II and IV follow
5) Only III and IV follow
5.Statements:
All airlines are railways.
Some buses are not railways.
No airline is a ship.
Conclusions:
I. All airlines are not buses.
II. Some ships are not railways.
III. Some buses are not airlines.
IV. Some railways are not ships.
1) Only I and II follow
2) Only II and III follow
3) Only II and IV follow
4) Only III and IV follow
5) None of these
Directions (6-10) In each question below are four statements followed by four conclusions I, II, III and IV. You have to take the four given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variiance from commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the four given statements disregarding commonly known facts. Then, decide which of the answers 1),(2),(3),(4) and (5) is the correct answer and indicate it on the answer sheet.
6. Statements
All stones are pearls. Some pearls are shells. Some shells are boxes. No box is container.
Conclusions
I.Some stones are shells.
II.No pearl is container.
III.No shell is container.
IV.Some pearls are containers.
1)Only II follows
2)II and III follow
3)Only either II or IV follows
4)Only III follows
5)None follows
7.Statements
Some rings are chains. All chains are bangles. All
bracelets are bangles. Some bangles are pendants.
Conclusions
I.Some rings are bangles.
II.Some chains are pendants.
III.Some bracelets are rings.
IV.No pendant is ring.
1) None follows
2) Only I follows
3) II and III follow
4) Only IV follows
5) None of these
8. Statements Some schools are colleges. Some colleges are hostels. No
hostel is office. All offices are institutes.
Conclusions
I.No hostel is institute.
II.Some hostels are schools.
III.Some hostels are institutes.
IV.Some offices are colleges.
1) Only I follows
2) II and III follow
3) Only IV follows
4) Only either I or III follows
5) None of these
9.Statements
Some pins are needles. Some threads are needles. All needles are nails. All nails are hammers.
Conclusions
I.Some pins are hammers.
II.Some threads are nails.
III.Some pins are threads.
IV.No pin is thread.
1)Only I, II and either III or IV follows
2)III and IV follow
3)I and II follow
4)All follow
5)None of the above
10.Statements
Some chairs are rooms. No room is sofa. All sofas are tables. Some tables are desks.
Conclusions
I.Some sofas are desks.
II.No room is table.
III.Some chairs are tables.
IV.No desk is room.
1) None follows
2) Only I follows
3) Only either II or III follows
4) III and IV follow
5) All follow
Answers:
1.4
2.5
3.4
4.3
5.4
6.3
7.2
8.4
9.1
10.1
#SSC #IBPS #SBI #RBI #NABARD #NICL #NIACL #CAT #NMAT #everydayquiz
No comments:
Post a Comment