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Economy notes
Tax
Structure in India
Dear reader here we
are presenting a post on different types of taxes, which will be
useful in your upcoming exam.
About the direct Tax
:A tax that is paid directly by an individual or organization to
the imposing entity.
A taxpayer pays a direct tax to a government for different
purposes, including real property tax, personal property tax, income tax or
taxes on assets.
Direct taxes are different from indirect taxes, where the tax is
levied on one entity, such as a seller, and paid by another, such a sales tax
paid by the buyer in a retail setting.
A direct tax cannot be shifted to another individual or entity.
The individual or organization upon which the tax is levied is responsible for
the fulfillment of the tax payment. Indirect taxes, on the other hand, can be
shifted from one taxpayer to another.
Types of Direct
taxes:
a) Income tax
Income tax is collected on all incomes received by private individuals after
certain allowances are made. In most of the economies Income tax is a major
source of Government revenue.
b) Corporation tax
This tax is levied on profits earned by
companies. It is a proportional tax which is levied at the constant rate.
c) Petroleum revenue tax
It is a tax levied on the profits of companies
involved in drilling of oil and gas. This tax may or may not exist in other
countries.
d) Capital gains tax
Capital gains tax is charged on the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory
asset that was purchased at a lower price. The most common capital gains are
realized from the sale of stocks, bonds, precious metals and property. Not all
countries implement a capital gains tax and most have different rates of
taxation for individuals and corporations.
e) Property Tax
Many countries have Property tax, or millage tax.
It is the tax which the owner pays on the value of the property being taxed.
The taxing authority requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of the property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary between countries and jurisdictions.
The taxing authority requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of the property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary between countries and jurisdictions.
f) Stamp duty
Stamp duty is a form of tax that is levied on documents
relating to immovable property, stocks and shares. Apart from transfers of
shares and securities, stamp duties are also charged on the issue of bearer
instruments and certain transactions involving partnerships.
Government has to perform many functions in the discharge of its
duties like infrastructure development, health, education, defense of the country,
removal of poverty, maintenance of law and order, etc. To meet these
requirements huge amount of capital is required.
The government collects money from public through a wide variety
of sources i.e. fees, fines, surcharges and taxes.
Indirect Tax is a tax that increases the price of a good so that
consumers are actually paying the tax by paying more for the products.
The Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue) through the
Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC), an apex indirect tax authority,
implements and administers excise (central excise), customs and service tax
laws. Circulars, notifications and clarifications issued by the CBEC supplement
these indirect tax laws.
Types of Indirect
taxes:
a) Service Tax
Service providers in India are subject to service tax, which is
charged on the aggregate amount received by the service provider. Services like
leasing, internet/voice, transport, etc are subject to service tax.
b) Custom Duty
b) Custom Duty
Custom duties are indirect taxes which are levied on goods
imported to/exported from India. There are different rules for different types
of goods and sectors. Government keeps on changing these rates so as to promote
import/export of specific goods.
c) Excise Duty
Excise duties are indirect taxes which are levied on goods
manufactured in India for domestic consumption. Like custom duty, there are a
number of rules which keep on changing as per government discretion.
d) Sales Tax and VAT
d) Sales Tax and VAT
Sales tax is levied by the government on sale and purchase of
products in Indian market. As customers, whatever you buy from the market, you
pay sales tax on it. Now, sales tax is supplemented with new Value Added Tax so
as to make it uniform across country.
e) Security Transaction Tax (STT)
STT is levied on transactions (sale/purchase) done through the
stock exchanges. STT is applicable on purchase or sale of various financial
products like stocks, derivatives, mutual funds etc.
Geography Notes
Q1: Name the elements that determine the weather of a place.
Answer: Following are the important elements that determine weather of a place:
Temperature
Air pressure
Humidity
Rainfall
Wind Speed
Q2: How do pressure and temperature influence weather pattern?
Answer: Higher temperatures cause air near the equator to expand and rise, that produces high winds and ocean currents. Similarly, pressure difference between warm and cold air causes air to flow from high pressure region to low pressure region. It leads to production of high winds.
Q3: When are the maximum and minimum temperature likely to occur during the day?
Answer: The maximum temperature of the day occurs generally in the afternoon while the minimum temperature occurs generally in the early morning.
Q4: What is humidity? What is the instrument used to measure it?
Answer: Humidity is a measure of the moisture in air. Hygrometer is used to measure humidity.
Q5: Define Weather.
Answer: The day-to-day condition of the atmosphere at a place with respect to the temperature, humidity, rainfall, windspeed, etc., is called the weather at that place.
Q6: Fill in the blanks:
(i) The average weather taken over a long time is called ___________.
(ii) A place receives very little rainfall and the temperature is high throughout the year, the climate of that place will be _______ and _______.
(iii) The two regions of the earth with extreme climatic conditions are __________ and __________.
(iv) The weather reports are prepared by the ____________ department of the government.
(v) Special features of an animal to live in its surrounding is called ____________.
(vi) One of the important feature of tropical region is ____________.
(vii) The temperature, humidity, rainfall and other factors are called ___________ of the weather.
Answers:
(i) climate of the place
(ii) hot, dry
(iii) tropical, polar
(iv) Meteorological
(v) adaptation
(vi) hot climate
(vii) elements
Q7: Name a few countries where tropical rain forests are present.
Answer: Countries where the tropical rainforests are found:
India
Malaysia
Indonesia
Brazil
Republic of Congo
Kenya
Uganda
Nigeria.
Q8: What is the role of the Meteorological Department of a country?
Answer: The Meteorological department collects data on temperature, wind, etc., and prepares various kinds of weather reports.
It also makes the weather prediction.
It provides services to aviation sector like fog information.
It issues various national and zonal alerts like cyclone, tsunami information etc.
It studies and identifies seismic activities and provides earthquake reports.
It helps farmers and agriculture sector by providing monsoon and rainfall reports.
The department also use Satellite data to map patterns of heating and cooling of various regions of the earth.
Q9: Name the instrument used to measure rainfall.
Answer: Rain gauge
Q10: What do you mean by Climate?
Answer: The average weather pattern taken over a long time, say 25 years, is called the climate of the place.
Q11: Which of the two changes frequently, weather or climate?
Answer: Weather changes frequently. It is based on atmospheric conditions (humidity, rainfall, wind speed etc.) in that place of that day. Climate is the long-term average of a region’s weather (e.g. 25 years).
Q12: What do you mean by adaptation?
Answer: The tendency of an animal (organism) to develop special features which improve the chances of its survival in the surroundings where it lives is called adaptation.
e.g. the thick coat of fur of polar bear is its adaptation to survive in polar/cold region.
Q13: What is the relationship among climate, adaptation and evolution?
Answer: Climate plays an important role on living organisms. It brings about certain changes in the shape, structure and function of animal body so that it can live and survive in those climatic conditions. These features and habits that help animals to adapt to their surroundings are a result of the process of evolution.
Q14: Following are some of the characteristics of animals:
(i) Diets heavy on fruits
(ii) White fur
(iii) Need to migrate
(iv) Loud voice
(v) Sticky pads on feet
(vi) Layer of fat under skin
(vii) Wide and large paws
(viii) Bright colours
(ix) Strong tails
(x) Long and large beak
Answer: Following are the important elements that determine weather of a place:
Temperature
Air pressure
Humidity
Rainfall
Wind Speed
Q2: How do pressure and temperature influence weather pattern?
Answer: Higher temperatures cause air near the equator to expand and rise, that produces high winds and ocean currents. Similarly, pressure difference between warm and cold air causes air to flow from high pressure region to low pressure region. It leads to production of high winds.
Q3: When are the maximum and minimum temperature likely to occur during the day?
Answer: The maximum temperature of the day occurs generally in the afternoon while the minimum temperature occurs generally in the early morning.
Q4: What is humidity? What is the instrument used to measure it?
Answer: Humidity is a measure of the moisture in air. Hygrometer is used to measure humidity.
Q5: Define Weather.
Answer: The day-to-day condition of the atmosphere at a place with respect to the temperature, humidity, rainfall, windspeed, etc., is called the weather at that place.
Q6: Fill in the blanks:
(i) The average weather taken over a long time is called ___________.
(ii) A place receives very little rainfall and the temperature is high throughout the year, the climate of that place will be _______ and _______.
(iii) The two regions of the earth with extreme climatic conditions are __________ and __________.
(iv) The weather reports are prepared by the ____________ department of the government.
(v) Special features of an animal to live in its surrounding is called ____________.
(vi) One of the important feature of tropical region is ____________.
(vii) The temperature, humidity, rainfall and other factors are called ___________ of the weather.
Answers:
(i) climate of the place
(ii) hot, dry
(iii) tropical, polar
(iv) Meteorological
(v) adaptation
(vi) hot climate
(vii) elements
Q7: Name a few countries where tropical rain forests are present.
Answer: Countries where the tropical rainforests are found:
India
Malaysia
Indonesia
Brazil
Republic of Congo
Kenya
Uganda
Nigeria.
Q8: What is the role of the Meteorological Department of a country?
Answer: The Meteorological department collects data on temperature, wind, etc., and prepares various kinds of weather reports.
It also makes the weather prediction.
It provides services to aviation sector like fog information.
It issues various national and zonal alerts like cyclone, tsunami information etc.
It studies and identifies seismic activities and provides earthquake reports.
It helps farmers and agriculture sector by providing monsoon and rainfall reports.
The department also use Satellite data to map patterns of heating and cooling of various regions of the earth.
Q9: Name the instrument used to measure rainfall.
Answer: Rain gauge
Q10: What do you mean by Climate?
Answer: The average weather pattern taken over a long time, say 25 years, is called the climate of the place.
Q11: Which of the two changes frequently, weather or climate?
Answer: Weather changes frequently. It is based on atmospheric conditions (humidity, rainfall, wind speed etc.) in that place of that day. Climate is the long-term average of a region’s weather (e.g. 25 years).
Q12: What do you mean by adaptation?
Answer: The tendency of an animal (organism) to develop special features which improve the chances of its survival in the surroundings where it lives is called adaptation.
e.g. the thick coat of fur of polar bear is its adaptation to survive in polar/cold region.
Q13: What is the relationship among climate, adaptation and evolution?
Answer: Climate plays an important role on living organisms. It brings about certain changes in the shape, structure and function of animal body so that it can live and survive in those climatic conditions. These features and habits that help animals to adapt to their surroundings are a result of the process of evolution.
Q14: Following are some of the characteristics of animals:
(i) Diets heavy on fruits
(ii) White fur
(iii) Need to migrate
(iv) Loud voice
(v) Sticky pads on feet
(vi) Layer of fat under skin
(vii) Wide and large paws
(viii) Bright colours
(ix) Strong tails
(x) Long and large beak
For
each characteristic indicate whether it is adaptation for tropical rainforests
or polar regions. Do you think that some of these characteristics can be
adapted for both regions?
Answer:
(i) Diets heavy on fruits : tropical rainforests
(ii) White fur : polar region
(iii) Need to migrate : polar region
(iv) Loud voice : tropical rainforests
(v) Sticky pads on feet : tropical rainforests
(vi) Layer of fat under skin: polar region
(vii) Wide and large paws : polar region
(viii) Bright colours : tropical rainforests
(ix) Strong tails : tropical rainforests
(x) Long and large beak : tropical rainforests
In general, the characteristics adapted are specific to a region only.
Q15: How do penguins keep themselves warm?
Answer: Penguins huddle together to keep themselves warm.
Q16: The tropical rainforest has a large population of animals. Explain why it is so.
Answer: The climatic conditions in rainforests are highly suitable for supporting an enormous number and variety of animals. It is due to the following reasons:
1. Climate is hot and gets plenty of rainfall. Because of continuous warmth and rain, this region supports wide variety of plants and animals.
2. The region being near to equator, receives more solar energy available. It contributes to higher productivity in terms of food and population.
3. Tropical rainforest remained less disturbed for millions of years, thus giving longer time to evolution. It resulted in wide variety of species.
Q17: List at least three the animals living in tropical regions.
Answer: Monkeys, apes, gorillas, lions, tigers, elephants, leopards, lizards, snakes, birds and insects.
Q18: Where do we find tropical rainforest in India?
Answer: Tropical rainforests are found in Western Ghats (Kerela, Karnataka, Nilgiri Hills, Maharashtra etc.) and Assam in India,
Q19: Explain, with examples, why we find animals of certain kind living in particular climatic conditions.
Answer: Animals are adapted to the conditions in which they live. These adaptations are the outcomes of long process of evolution. It would be difficult for them to survive if they are moved to region having different climate conditions than from their habitat.
e.g.
1. A polar bear has thick layer of fat under their skin which acts heat insulator. It protects the bear from extreme cold climate of polar region. The polar bear cannot survive if it is moved to hot and dry desert region.
2. Monkeys have long tails for grasping branches adapted to live in tropical rain forests. It cannot survive in polar regions.
Q20: How do elephant living in the tropical rainforest adapt itself.
Answer: An elephant has adapted to rainforest climatic conditions in the following ways:
1. It long trunk which acts as nose has a strong sense of smell.
2. It also uses its trunk to pick up food.
3. Its tusks are modified teeth which can tear the bark of trees for food.
4. Large ears of the elephant help it to hear even very soft sounds.
5. Large ears also help the elephant to keep cool in the hot and humid climate of the rainforest.
Q21: A carnivore with stripes on its body moves very fast while catching its prey. It is likely to be found in:
(a) polar regions
(b) deserts
(c) oceans
(d) tropical rainforests
Answer: (d) tropical rainforests
Q22: Which features adapt polar bears to live in extremely cold climate?
(a) A white fur, fat below skin, keen sense of smell.
(b) Thin skin, large eyes, a white fur.
(c) A long tail, strong claws, white large paws.
(d) White body, paws for swimming, gills for respiration.
Answer: (a) A white fur, fat below skin, keen sense of smell.
Q23: Which option best describes a tropical region?
(a) hot and humid
(b) moderate temperature, heavy rainfall
(c) cold and humid
(d) hot and dry
Answer: (a) hot and humid
Q24: Which of the following is NOT an element of weather?
(a) Humidity
(b) Temperature
(c) Soil
(d) Rain
Answer: (c) Soil
Q25: What is camouflage?
Answer: Many tropical animals can blend their skin colour with the surroundings. This feature is called camouflage. It protects them from predators. It also helps wild cats (e.g. lions and tigers) to catch their prey
Answer:
(i) Diets heavy on fruits : tropical rainforests
(ii) White fur : polar region
(iii) Need to migrate : polar region
(iv) Loud voice : tropical rainforests
(v) Sticky pads on feet : tropical rainforests
(vi) Layer of fat under skin: polar region
(vii) Wide and large paws : polar region
(viii) Bright colours : tropical rainforests
(ix) Strong tails : tropical rainforests
(x) Long and large beak : tropical rainforests
In general, the characteristics adapted are specific to a region only.
Q15: How do penguins keep themselves warm?
Answer: Penguins huddle together to keep themselves warm.
Q16: The tropical rainforest has a large population of animals. Explain why it is so.
Answer: The climatic conditions in rainforests are highly suitable for supporting an enormous number and variety of animals. It is due to the following reasons:
1. Climate is hot and gets plenty of rainfall. Because of continuous warmth and rain, this region supports wide variety of plants and animals.
2. The region being near to equator, receives more solar energy available. It contributes to higher productivity in terms of food and population.
3. Tropical rainforest remained less disturbed for millions of years, thus giving longer time to evolution. It resulted in wide variety of species.
Q17: List at least three the animals living in tropical regions.
Answer: Monkeys, apes, gorillas, lions, tigers, elephants, leopards, lizards, snakes, birds and insects.
Q18: Where do we find tropical rainforest in India?
Answer: Tropical rainforests are found in Western Ghats (Kerela, Karnataka, Nilgiri Hills, Maharashtra etc.) and Assam in India,
Q19: Explain, with examples, why we find animals of certain kind living in particular climatic conditions.
Answer: Animals are adapted to the conditions in which they live. These adaptations are the outcomes of long process of evolution. It would be difficult for them to survive if they are moved to region having different climate conditions than from their habitat.
e.g.
1. A polar bear has thick layer of fat under their skin which acts heat insulator. It protects the bear from extreme cold climate of polar region. The polar bear cannot survive if it is moved to hot and dry desert region.
2. Monkeys have long tails for grasping branches adapted to live in tropical rain forests. It cannot survive in polar regions.
Q20: How do elephant living in the tropical rainforest adapt itself.
Answer: An elephant has adapted to rainforest climatic conditions in the following ways:
1. It long trunk which acts as nose has a strong sense of smell.
2. It also uses its trunk to pick up food.
3. Its tusks are modified teeth which can tear the bark of trees for food.
4. Large ears of the elephant help it to hear even very soft sounds.
5. Large ears also help the elephant to keep cool in the hot and humid climate of the rainforest.
Q21: A carnivore with stripes on its body moves very fast while catching its prey. It is likely to be found in:
(a) polar regions
(b) deserts
(c) oceans
(d) tropical rainforests
Answer: (d) tropical rainforests
Q22: Which features adapt polar bears to live in extremely cold climate?
(a) A white fur, fat below skin, keen sense of smell.
(b) Thin skin, large eyes, a white fur.
(c) A long tail, strong claws, white large paws.
(d) White body, paws for swimming, gills for respiration.
Answer: (a) A white fur, fat below skin, keen sense of smell.
Q23: Which option best describes a tropical region?
(a) hot and humid
(b) moderate temperature, heavy rainfall
(c) cold and humid
(d) hot and dry
Answer: (a) hot and humid
Q24: Which of the following is NOT an element of weather?
(a) Humidity
(b) Temperature
(c) Soil
(d) Rain
Answer: (c) Soil
Q25: What is camouflage?
Answer: Many tropical animals can blend their skin colour with the surroundings. This feature is called camouflage. It protects them from predators. It also helps wild cats (e.g. lions and tigers) to catch their prey
History Notes
List
of Important Battles
1. Battle of
Chausa: 1539 A.D. - The battle of Chausa was fought between Mughal emperor
Humayun and Sher Shah Suri. In this battle Humayun was defeated. It facilitated
Sher Khan to march on to Delhi at Agra.
2. Battle of
Hydaspes 326 B.C.—Alexander the Great, defeated Porus, the Paurava king.
3. Battle of
Kannauj (1540 A.D.) – Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun. After this battle,
Humayun fled to Iran and Sher Shah Suri occupied Delhi.
4. Battle of
Kalinga 261 B.C.— Ashoka defeated the king of Kalinga. Ashoka embraced Buddhism
and preached it during the rest of his life after this war.
5. First Battle
of Tarain or Thaneswar A.D. 1191 -
Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeated Mohammed Ghori.
6. Second Battle
of Tarain A.D. 1192 - Mohammed Ghori defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan. Ghori’s
victory paved the way for the establishment of Muslim rule in India.
7. First Battle
of Panipat 1526— Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi. This laid the foundation of the
Mughal rule in India.
8. Second Battle
of Panipat 1556—Bairam Khan (Akbar’s General) defeated Hemu (the Hindu General
and right-hand man of Mohd. Adil Shah). It also ended the Afghan Rule and
Mughal Rule began instead.
9. Third Battle
of Panipat 1761—Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated Marathas. It gave a terrible blow to
the Maratha power. It made the field clear for the English.
10. Battle of
Khanwah 1527— Babar defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar. This battle resulted in the
defeat of the powerful Rajput confederacy.
11. Battle of
Talikota 1564- 65—United alliance between Bijapur, Bidar, Ahmednagar and
Golkonda under Hussain Nizam Shah defeated Ram Raja of Vijayanagar. It
destroyed the Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar.
12. Battle of
Haldighati 1576—Akbar’s forces headed by Raja Man Singh defeated Rana Pratap,
the brave Rajput king. Though defeated, Rana Pratap refused to accept Mughal
authority and carried on warfare till his death.
13. Battle of
Plassey 1757— The English under Lord Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah. It brought
Muslim Rule in Bengal to an end and laid foundations of the British Rule in
India.
14. Battle of
Wandiwash 1760—The English defeated the French. The battle sealed the fate of
the French in India and paved the way for English rule in India.
15. Battle of
Buxar 1764— Fought in 1764 between the forces of the English and the combined
forces of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Oudh) and the Mughal Emperor
Shah Alam. The English victory at Buxar finally riveted the shackles of the
Company’s rule upon Bengal.
16. First Mysore
War (1767- 68)—In 1768, Haider Ali was defeated by the English relinquishing
all his rights over Mysore in favour of the English.
17. Second Mysore
War 1780— A grand alliance between Haider Ali, the Nizam and the Marathas was
formed and Haider Ali. He defeated the English and took possession of Arcot and
became the undisputed master of the Carnatic.
18. Third Mysore
War 1790- 92—Fought between the English and Tipu Sultan. Tipu Sultan had to
submit and was compelled to sign the Treaty of Seringapattam stripped him of
half his territory.
19. Fourth Mysore
War 1799— The British forces under Arthur Wellesley defeated Tipu Sultan, which
brought the end of the Tipu Sultan.
20. First
Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) was the first of three Anglo-Maratha wars fought
between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India. The war
began with the Treaty of Surat and ended with the Treaty of Salbai.
21. Second Anglo
Maratha War 1803-05—It weakened the Maratha power. The English annexed Tanjore,
Surat and Carnatic.
22. Third Anglo
Maratha War 1817- 18—The British forces defeated Marathas and this campaign
finally extinguished the Maratha Empire.
23. Battle of
Cheelianwala 1849—Forces of the East India Company under Lord Hugh Gough
defeated the Sikhs under Sher Singh.
24. Burmese War
1885—As a result of this War, the whole of Burma was occupied by the English
and made a part of India.
25. Afghan War III
1919—As a result of this War, Treaty of Rawalpindi was signed by which
Afghanistan was recognised as an independent State.
Polity
Notes
President
President of
India is the head of the Union Executive. A Council of Ministers headed by
Prime Minister aids and advises the President in the excersie of his function.
President of India is also Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces.
President of India is also Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces.
Qualification
|
- Must
be a citizen of India
- Completed
35 years of age
- Eligible
to be a member of Lok Sabha
- Must
not hold any government post. Exceptions are:
- President
and Vice-President
- Governor
of any state
- Minister
of Union State
Election
- Indirectly
elected through ‘Electoral College’ consisting of Elected members of both
the Houses of Parliament & Elected members of the Legislative
Assemblies of the States. (No nominated members)
- Security
deposit of Rs 15,000/-
- Supreme
court inquires all disputes regarding President’s Election.
- Takes
OATH in presence of Chief Justice of India, or in his absence, senior-most
Judge of Supreme Court
Terms and
Emoluments:
- 5
year term
- Article
57 says that there is no upper limit on the number of times a person can
become President
- Can
give resignation to Vice-President before full-term
- Present
Salary- Rs. 1,00,000/month (including allowances & emoluments)
Impeachment:
- Quasi-judicial
procedure
- Can
be impeached only on the ground of violation of constitution
- The
impeachment procedure can be initiated in either House of the Parliament
Vacancy:
In case
of office falls vacant due to death, resignation or removal, the Vice-President
act as President. It he is not available then Chief Justice, it not then
senior-most Judge of the Supreme court shall act as the President of India
- The
election is to be held within 6 months of the vacancy
Powers:
- Appoints
PM, Ministers, Chief Justice & judge of Supreme Court & High
Court, Chairman & members of UPSC, Comptroller and Auditor General,
Attorney General, Chief Election Commissioner and other members of
Election Commission of India, Governors, Members of Finance Commission,
Ambassadors, etc
- Can
summon & prorogue the sessions of the 2 houses & can dissolve Lok
Sabha
- Appoints
Finance Commission (after every 5 years) that recommends distribution of
taxes between Union & State governments
- The
President can promulgate 3 types of Emergencies:-
- National
Emergency (Article 352)
- State
Emergency (President’s Rule) (Article 356)
- Financial
Emergency (Article 360)
- He
is the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces of India
- President
appoints Chief of Army, Navy and Air force
- Declares
wars & concludes peace subject to the approval of the Parliament
- No
money bill or demand for grant can be introduced or moved in Parliament
unless it has been recommended by the President
- He
has the power to grant pardon, reprieve or remit of punishment or commute
death sentences
The Prime Minister of India
The Prime Minister vis-a-vis the
Council of Ministers
The position of the Prime Minister in
the Council of Ministers is described as 'Primus Inter pares' i.e.first among
the equals. He is the keystone of the Cabinet arch. If he resigns or passes
away,the entire ministry goes automatically. The so called life and death of
the ruling party is the Prime Minister.
Appointment of Prime Minister
Prime Minister is the head of the
Council of Ministers. In normal circumstances, in the appointment of Prime
Minister, the President can hardly exercise his discretion because the leader
of the majority party of the Lower House is appointed as Prime Minister,
that is, whoever enjoys the confidence of the LowerHouse (Lok Sabha) But if no
party is in a position to gain the required majority and if a coalition
Govt. is to be formed, the President can exercise his discretion in choosing
the Prime Minister.
The criteria: The
President can choose the leader of any party,who in his opinion, can form a
stable ministry. In inviting a leader, the President can follow the following
convention one after the other:
1. The President should invite the Leader of the Opposition, if
theGovt. is defeated in the House after on a no-confidence motion.
2.
He should call the leader of a coalition formed before the election.
3.
He should call the leader of the single largest party.
4.
He should invite the leader of a coalition formed after the election.
Rights and privileges of the Prime
Minister:
1. He enjoys the prerogative to select the ministers,
distribute portfolios to them and even have power to get them dismissed by the
President.
2.
He summons, decides the agenda and presides over the Cabinet meetings. Even the
venue of such meeting is decided by the Prime Minister.
3. He has the right to call for any file from any ministry.
This rightis basically in pursuance of his role as a coordinator of various
ministers.
4.
He forms the link between the Cabinet and the President.Though a Minister can
have access to the President, any important commrnication is to be routed
through the Prime Minister, stipulated under Art. 78.
5. He has the right to intervene in any debate in the
Parliament.
6. It is the Prime Minister's prerogative to announce major
policy decisions inside or outside the Parliament.
7. The Prime Minister is generally the leader of the party
having or commanding a majority in the Lok Sabha, but there have been instances
when the Prime Minister has been from the Rajya Sabha.
Relationship between the President and
the Prime Minister:
In a Parliamentary system of Govt. the
relationship between the President (Head of the State) and the Prime
Minister (Head of the Govt.) assumes significance for the smooth functioning of
the State. This relationship is regulated by specific provisions of the
Constitution of India and also by well established conventions under the
English Constitution. Despite this at times controversy arises with regard
to the relationship between these two most important functionaries of the
State.Article 53 together with Article 74 makes it clear that even
though the Constitution vests the executive power in the President it is
to be exercised strictly on the advice tendered by the Council of Ministers
headed by the Prime Minister. Therefore, it is the Prime Minister who
enjoys real power. The President ha. to function asa ceremonial head. He can
neither ignore nor can act against theadvice tendered by the Council of
Ministers.
However, if he acts against or ignores
such advice, it wouldamount to violation of the Constitution and may in
curimpeachment. But under Article 78 the Prime Minister is under a
Constitutional obligation
1. to communicate to the President all decisions of the Council
of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and
proposals for legislation
2. to furnish such information relating to the administration
of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation as the President may
call for; and
3.
if the President requires, to submit for the consideration of the Council of
Ministers any matter on which decision has been taken by a Minister but which
has not been considered by the Council of
Ministers. The President, therefore,
enjoys the right to information on the affairs of the State.
Science
Notes
Common disease
1. Malaria
An insect-borne tropical disease.
Cause Malaria parasite (Plasmodium) which enters the blood
through a mosquito bite (female anopheles).
Symptoms Shivering, fever, repeated attacks lead to
enlargement of spleen. Also leads to anaemia, pigmentation of the face, and
general weakness.
Cure/Prevention Administration of quinine or plaudrine. Prevented
by keeping the surroundings free of mosquitoes
2. Cholera
An acute epidemic, water and food-borne disease. Cause
Cholera vibrio or Vibriocholerae which attacks during exposure to chill, when
stomach is empty for a long duration, eating of unripe or overripe fruits, and
stale food. Symptoms Vomiting, stomach ache, frequent loose stools
followed by fever and unconsciousness.Cure/Prevention Avoiding
consumption of cut fruits exposed to flies, andcontaminated water. Anticholera
drugs are administered.
3. Tetanus
Cause Bacillus tetanus and Clostridium tetani which
live in soil, dust, cow and horse dung. It attacks an open wound exposed to
dust and soil.
Symptoms Painful contraction of muscles, usually
of neck and jaws, followed by paralysis of thoracic muscles.
Cure/Prevention Preventing exposure of wounds to dust and
administering of Anti-Tetanus (ATS) injection.
4. Diphtheria:
An acute infectious disease of the throat.
Cause Acute infection by diphtheria bacillus/corynebacterium
diphtheria causing infection of throat.
Symptoms Inflammation of throat where a grey membrane (a
false membrane on mucous surface) is formed. Pain and swelling of throat, with
fever.
Cure/Prevention Immunisation vaccine of diphtheria antitoxin
within 12-24 hours of appearance of symptoms.
5. Typhoid:
A food- and water-borne infectious disease.
Cause Salmonella typhi bacillus transmitted through
contaminated food and water, either directly by sewage or indirectly by hands
and faulty hygiene.
Symptoms Temperature, slow pulse, abdominal tenderness,
rosecoloured rash.
Cure/Prevention Rest and administration of chloromycetin, proper
sanitation, protection of eatables
6. Plague:
A contagious disease which takes the form of an epidemic.
Cause Pasteurella pestis, spread by infected rats. Transfer of
infection from rat to man through flea bite or accidental contact
with infected rats.
Symptoms Acute body ache, reddish eyes, sudden rise in
temperatue, inflammation of neck glands and glands in armpits, and thighs.
Cure/Prevention Antiplague inoculation, isolation of patient,
disinfection of patient’s clothes and utensils, burning of killed rats. Sulpha
drugs and streptomycin administration.
7. Typhus:
A viral infection Cause Rickettsia prowazekii,
usually caused by poorhygiene and malnutrition.
Symptoms High fever, skin eruptions, and severe headache.
Cure/prevention Sulphonamides and antibiotics.
8. Pneumonia:
Cause Diplococus pneumonia
Symptoms Chills, pain in chest, rusty sputum, rapid
breathing, abdominal pain.
Cure/Prevention Antibiotics
9. Gonorrhoea:
A venereal disease Cause Neisseria gonorrhea,
through sexual intercourse with infected person.
Symptoms Redness, swelling, pus discharge through urethra,
painful urination.
Cure Penicillin G, tetracycline.
10. Syphilis
Cause Treponema pallidum transmitted through sexual contact.
Symptoms A hard painless sore on the genitalia, skin
eruption.
Cure/Prevention Penicillin, protected sexual intercourse.
11. Whooping:
Chiefly occurs among infants Cough and children.
Cause Nemophilus pertusis transmitted through air.
Symptoms Severe cough, usually at night.
Cure/Prevention Immunisation of infants with immunity serum
Miscellaneous
● Where is the central AGMARK lab
- Nagpur
● In which country is the world's most cooperative
institutions
- In India
● national income, who developed a method of calculating
social accounting
- Richard Stone
● monetary value rather than the actual value of an
object is a reaction to what he says
- Mudraabram
● other credit money which is known
- Voluntary exchange
● A country's import-export balance of payments related
to what is called
- Trade Balance
● Super 301's
- The US trade law section
● When was launched in India Employees' State Insurance
Scheme
- 1952 AD.
● Golden Handshake relates to Scheme
- Voluntarily retirement
● In India, the Central Board of Revenue Division of the
Customs Board and the central output When was the direct board
- 1963 AD.
● what is called the National Accounts Statistics
- White papers
● relates to bear and bull word
- Stock Market Services
#SSC #IBPS #SBI #RBI #NABARD #NICL #NIACL #CAT #NMAT #everydayquiz
nice info.
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